2016-01-10

Daemon Tool Lite Serial Key Download

DAEMON Tools Lite

Встроенное видео Download DAEMON Tools Key Generator 2013 free download. HOW TO DOWNLOAD; DAEMON Tools 2013 Key Generator Update January 2015 daemon tools lite serial.

Download DAEMON Tools Lite 4 Daemon Tools is invaluabe for While creating and mounting images of physical media is the primary function of the tool.

Daemon Tools Lite Serial Key, free daemon tools lite serial key software downloads.

With Daemon Tools, users can create and manage disc images of physical media. These virtual discs are accessed directly from your hard drive and run as if mounted on a standard disc drive.

Daemon Tools is invaluabe for those who do not have a disc drive or who want to emulate more drives on their computers. The program can emulate all kinds of DVD, CD, and Blu-ray media, creating image files that are stored on a hard drive just like any other file format. The user can select one of these files, typically created as an ISO or MDS format, and easily mount it as a virtual drive with this handy disc utility. They can then unmount the file when finished. You can keep an entire library of commonly used disc images on a hard drive as long as your hard drive has ample free space.

The distinctive name for the utility, Daemon is actually an acronym that stands for Disk And Execution Monitor Tools. While creating and mounting images of physical media is the primary function of the tool, there are a number of advanced features that can be accessed to edit and organize images. The user-friendly interface ensures that these additional functions are accessed with the click of a button. You can edit the title of the image, password protect it for an extra layer of security, or compress what is often a huge file size to something more manageable on your small hard drive. There are even options to split the image into user-defined chunks.

Convenience has always been the driving force behind Daemon Tools. Instead of having a work surface covered in DVDs, you can create and manage disc images of your most commonly used physical media, while cleaning up your desk and quickly mounting a virtual disc at any time. You are freed from constantly inserting and ejecting discs. Daemon Tools also possesses a powerful user interface that delivers superb functionality for any level of user.

The handy disc utility comes in several flavors, focusing either on simplicity of use or versatility through the addition of advanced features. For example, the Lite version enables the creation of simple disc images, while the Pro Advanced edition comes with all of the comprehensive management and customization utilities required to make Daemon Tools a contender for a top drive imaging application.

The Pros

Reduces clutter by keeping virtual discs organized on a hard drive

Disc images are used in place of DVD s, CD s, and Blu-ray discs

Accesses images faster than an actual disc drive

Creates image files in many formats

Edits and manage disc images

Uses very little system resources

Compresses images

Encrypts disc images for added security

The Cons

May not have the advanced tools unless you purchase the Pro edition

Maximum of 4 virtual devices

Occasional instability issues

Must restart computer after installation

Ultimately, Daemon Tools is an impressive combination of functionality and simplicity. It is the standard tool for disc imaging.

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2016-01-10

Xp Security Console Crack

Description:

How to use Windows Xp Security Console v1.4.0.3 crack by fritmo : A crack is a modified copy of a file that has been pre-hacked by the cracker. A patch is a separate software that is applied to an installed program to generate a cracked file EXE, DLL, etc.

Cracks: Backup original files. copy paste the crack into program folder where you installed, choose replace file while it is asked.

Patches: Make sure the program isn t running, Backup original files. copy paste the patch into program folder where you installed, then run the patch.

this cracks/patches may not work for other versions of Windows Xp Security Console. so check your Windows Xp Security Console version carefully. for more information read. nfo/.txt/.diz file in zipped file.

Windows Xp Security Console v1.4.0.3 crack by fritmo help:

This crack/patch has been tested manually, no virus, no adware, no spyware included. Sometimes antivirus software may give an false alert while you using keygens/cracks, just ignore it and relax.

Use unzip tools to extract the file Windows Xp Security Console you downloaded. If you don t have one, try:

7-Zip free,opensource, WinRAR commercial, WinZip commercial.

Due to the technical limitations, there are still a small possibility of wrong detection, so don t use keygens or cracks directly in production environments like online server,industrial control computer,etc.

Windows Xp Security Console v1.4.0.3 crack by fritmo is released by fritmo. All credits go to him/them. This crack was uploaded by Gaetan who come from Addia, thanks Gaetan.

If you like Windows Xp Security Console, buy it to support the developer of Windows Xp Security Console.

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Windows Xp Security Console v1.4.0.3 crack by fritmo

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This is provided only for educational purpose it is a simple way to Recover, Hack or Crack the Window XP Administrator Password. There are different Methods that I.

You must accept our Terms Of Service before continuing. Invalid username. Invalid Email Address. Password doesn t match.

2016-01-10

Encap Lawn Patch

With a powerful blend of mulch, seed and fertilizer, Encap s Lawn Patch Kit achieves excellent results with minimal effort. Simply rake your lawn, spread the.

- Grass Repair from Encap : Regional Business Directory Your Trade Show Guide Lawn Patch Kit. Lawn Starter Mulch. New Lawn Kit. One Step Lawn Makeover Kit.

With a powerful blend of mulch, seed and fertilizer, Encap s Lawn Patch Kit achieves excellent results with minimal effort. Simply rake your lawn, spread the specialized formula, water and you re done. The fertilizer goes to work at the source, invigorating roots to help develop more robust grass, while the biodegradable mulch maintains a moist, nurturing environment. It s a straightforward way to enhance the lush, natural beauty of your yard.

Contains mulch, seed fertilizer

Easily blends new growth into existing lawn

Covers repairs bare spots

Safe for people pets

Coverage: 100 sq. ft.

Maximize Results

Prepare the seed bed with a rake by loosening the top 2-3 inches of soil; break up large dirt clods so soil particles are pea sized

Apply Lawn Patch Kit right from the bag spreading it out to no more than 1/8 inch thick on top of the prepared seed bed; you can use a fan rake to help spread it around

Water throughly. This is the most important step

Make sure the first 1/2 inch of soil is moist, which may require watering twice a day, and continue to water for at least 3 weeks after planting until the grass has completely filled in and blended into your existing lawn

Grass seed should germinate in 7-18 days depending on variety.

New Lawn is a combination of grass seed, mulch, and fertilizer that works quickly and effectively to establish a new lawn or fill in bare spots. SWT.

Sun/Shade Grass Patch Repair Sears. Store Locator; Gift Cards; Gift Ideas; Credit Card. Credit Offers; Apply Now; Pay My Bill; Kmart.com; My Orders; Help; Chat.

LAWN PROGRAM. One Step Lawn Makeover Kit; Premium Grass Repair Kit; Premium Dog Spot Repair Kit; New Lawn Kit; Grass Repair Kit; Lawn Starter Mulch; Lawn Patch.

Lawn Patch Kit

2016-01-10

Prolific Serial Port Adapter

I don t think the accepted answer here is entirely correct. Right next to me is a barcode scanner connected to a Prolific USB2Serial adapter connected to a Windows 7.

Plug any of our USB serial adapters to a USB port for easy detection instant connectivity. Shop our supply of USB to serial port adapters at Cool Drives.

I recently purchased a USB to Serial adapter cable from MX-MART for my MacBook running Windows 7 Beta 1, via Boot Camp to control my Uniden BCD396XT radio.

Prolific USB to Serial Adapter Cable Drivers for Windows 7 [u]

Amazon.com: Plugable USB to RS-232 DB9 Serial Adapter Prolific PL2303HX Rev D Chipset : Computers Accessories.

USBGear has been providing Quality USB Serial adapters since 1999, we provide Quality usb to serial adapter solutions.

Rs-232 USB to serial cable for sale at SerialGear.com many other products available including 4-Port Serial USB.

I recently purchased a USB to Serial adapter cable from MX-MART for my MacBook running Windows 7 Beta 1, via Boot Camp to control my Uniden BCD396XT radio scanner. Since the control cable that came with my radio is a 9-pin serial data cable, and my MacBook does not have a serial port, I had to purchase the adapter. However, when I tried to install the downloaded drivers in Windows 7, it gave me a message saying, Device driver software was not successfully installed. I right-clicked on the device in Device Manager and selected Upgrade Driver and browsed to the path of the driver. After selecting the appropriate path, Windows 7 thinks for a minute and then displays a window saying, Windows found driver software for your device but encountered an error while attempting to install it. Further down in that window it says, USB-SERIAL CH340, Access is denied. I also tried downloading the latest drivers from Prolific s web site Apparently Prolific is the manufacturer of the chip inside the USB-serial adapter cable, but those also failed. I m not sure why Windows 7 has such a hard time installing this simple driver that apparently works well on Windows Vista.

I e-mailed MX-MART s customer support and very quickly got a helpful reply with an attachment that had a new version of the driver for Windows 7. After installing the driver and answering Yes to the prompt asking you if you want to install an unsigned driver, the USB to serial adapter cable works perfectly and I m able to program my BCD396XT scanner radio using FreeSCAN. Hopefully this will work for other folks who may be having trouble with the drivers for their USB to serial cable in Windows 7. Download the driver 145KB

UPDATE 4/9/2010 : A scan of CH341SER.EXE which is contained in the ZIP file provided by MX-MART with VirusTotal reveals the possibility that it might contain a Trojan. I have contacted MX-MART demanding an explanation and until further notice, I have removed the link to the download. I highly recommend purchasing the IOGEAR GUC232 USB to serial adapter, as it is designed to work properly with all versions of Windows 7 and below both 32-bit and 64-bit without having to install any drivers. I no longer use the Prolific-based USB to serial adapter that I purchased from MX-MART.

UPDATE 6/29/10 : MX-MART claims that there is no malicious payload in CH341SER.EXE, and most of the major AV vendors do not detect anything malicious in the file. I myself have also run the driver installer on Windows 7 x86 when I used the adapter mentioned above and noticed no suspicious processes or open network sessions. I have had some requests to re-post the link to the driver available above. Please proceed carefully at your own risk.

2016-01-10

Pt630d Unitech Driver

Products

End-of-Sale / Legacy

PT630D Discontinued

uTransfer Manual

uTransfer allows users to transfer data collected on their DOS-based portable terminal to a Windows desktop with just one click.

File Name :

uTransfer_Manual.pdf

File Size :

452.25 KB

PT630 to HT630 JobGen Conversion Guide

Applications designed in JobGen for the PT630 must be changed to HT630 applications. This guide will describe how to make the changes.

pt2htapp.pdf

69.16 KB

Getting_Started_Guide

This guide walks through Online Comport connection and Form Caching. An excellent place to get started.

PT630 Beginners Guide.pdf

269.88 KB

PT063-4 Ethernet Cradle Setup for OnlineCom Manager

Getting Started Guide for the PT063D-4 Ethernet Cradle.

Note - Explains how to use the cradle with OnlineCom Manager

PT063D-4 OnlineCom Connection Guide.pdf

314.47 KB

PT063-4 Ethernet Cradle Setup for PTComm Manager

Note - Explains how to use the cradle with PTComm Manager Manager

PT063D-4 PTComm Connection Guide.pdf

311.92 KB

HT630/PT630D Operation Manual

pt630_opman.pdf

962.93 KB

HT630/PT630D Programming Guide for C Language

pt630_progman.pdf

1.86 MB

HT630/PT630D User s Manual

pt630man.pdf

347.95 KB

SE1200VHD depth of field chart

Depth of field chart for the SE1200VHD very high density scan engine

SE1200VHD.pdf

28.45 KB

SE1200WA depth of field chart

depth of field chart for the SE1200WA wide angle scan engine

SE1200WA.pdf

25.74 KB

SE1200LR depth of field chart

Depth of field chart for the SE1200LR long range scan engine

SE1200LR.pdf

27.57 KB

uTransfer

Transfer Data From Your HT Device To Your Windows Desktop.

Version :

V1.01.01

Platform :

Windows 98, XP, Vista, 7

ActiveX Control

Use Internet Explorer to communicate with your terminal.

This simple application lets you use your PC to easily change settings, transfer files, and check file status.

Windows with Internet Explorer

C Library

C language subroutines for programming the HT630/PT630D.

16bit C/C compiler

Com to Keyboard

Software utility for converting RS232 scanner input into keyboard input.

Note - Comm to Keyboard is a resource hog.

The best solution is to have your software accept RS232 input, or use a keyboard wedge or USB scanner, but if those are not options, consider Comm to Keyboard as a last resort.

v2.0.100121

Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP

Dialer and Modem Server

The Dialer and Modem Server programs are designed for PT630 file transfer through modem communication.

n/a

Windows

DLL Support for Windows Programmers

DLL support for Windows programmers for writing programs supporting multi-point protocol.

2..9

Windows 95/98/NT/2000/Me/XP

USB Driver

Driver for the HT580, HT630, and PT630. This driver is required when using the USB connector on the communication cables that have both a USB and Serial connection. The driver will create a COM port for your software to communicate with.

2.08.08

Windows Server 2008 R2

Windows 7

Windows 7 x64

Windows Server 2008

Windows Server 2008 x64

Windows Vista

Windows Vista x64

Windows XP

Windows XP x64

Windows 2000

Windows Server 2003

Windows Server 2003 x64

JobGen Plus 5

Visual development tool and sample applications. No programming experience required

- just draw a flowchart of your application. Sample apps cover basic programming features.

5.12.71231

Modem Sample

Sample C program illustrating the use of the modem to communicate.

C compiler

Network Enabler Administrator

Network Enabler will allow user to configure network card MR055 for local network.

2.9

Windows 2000/XP

Online Comm Manager

Easy-to-use communication configuration utility for fixed and portable terminals. Supports RS232, RS485, TCP/IP and modem.

PTComm Manager - 16 bit

Easy-to-use communication utility for portable

data collection terminals. Supports RS232 and modem.

Specifically for Windows 95/98 16 bit platform.

2.2.6

Windows 95/98

PTComm Manager

Specifically for Windows 98 and later platforms.

4.12.91123

Windows 98/Me/XP/VISTA/7.

Products; We Care; United; UnitCare; About Unitech : 12Solutions. HT630. HT660e. HT682. HT682LR Long Range JGPe. JobGenPlus. MS100. MS146. MS250. MS320.

Unitech Helping bring data collection within reach. USB Driver : Driver for the HT580, HT630, and PT630. This driver is required when using the USB connector on.

Unitech; Global manufacturer of a wide range of rugged mobile computers, USB Driver This driver will create a COM port for communication with your software.

PT630D User Reference Guide unitech Electronic CO. LTD Unitech Part Number: 400412 2 NOTICE This unit is equipped with a Li-ion battery pack.

2016-01-10

Driver Theory Tests Dublin

Once you have carefully read through the steps required to schedule your Driver Theory Test, you may proceed to complete your booking in real time and receive immediate, on-screen and e-mail/letter confirmation. Should you require special assistance or language facility options please refer to our Help section.

Schedule your Theory Test

Bus and Truck Module Theory Tests

Please Note; only drivers who have passed a full Category C Truck Theory Test or full Category D Bus Theory Test on or after 30th September 2014, are eligible to sit a Bus or Truck Module Test.

Book your Truck Module Test

Book your Bus Module Test.

Sample Irish Driving Theory Test Questions. What can I expect from the Driving Theory Test. The Driving Theory Test must be passed in order to apply for your.

Are you taking the driver theory test soon. Here is your chance to get some practice with our online mock theory test. Take it now and see how much you know.

The Driver Theory Test is made up of multiple-choice questions which are taken on a touch screen computer Dublin The pre-test I got with you was fantastic, keep.

The theory test

Driver theory test

The learner driver theory test was introduced in 2001. By law, before applying for a learner permit, candidates must complete and pass a test of their general road safety knowledge and motoring legislation. It applies to anyone applying for a first learner permit in any vehicle category.

The test is designed to check knowledge of topics such as:

Rules of the Road

Risk perception

Eco-driving

Hazard awareness

Good driving behaviour

The test is computer-based but, like the fast check-in kiosks at airports, is designed for those who have little or no experience of using computers as well as those who do.

You will have a chance to take a practice session on the day before starting on the actual test. If you have special needs please contact the Driver Theory Service and explain your requirements.

Driver Theory Service contact:

1890 606 106 English language

1890 606 806 Irish language

1890 616 216 text phone – for the hearing-impaired

There are separate theory tests for driving instructors and for professional bus and truck drivers:

Approved Driving Instructor ADI

Driver CPC Certificate in Professional Competency

Study Material

There are two books:

The Official Driver Theory Test Questions and Answers, Motorcycles, Cars and Work Vehicles – 6th Edition, October 2013, which covers all learning material for Car/Work Vehicles and Motorcycles Note: You can still study The Official Driver Theory Test Book and CD-Rom 5th Edition for the Car/Work Vehicle and Motorcycle categories. and;

The Official Driver Theory Test Questions and Answers, Truck Buses including Step 1 and Step 2 of Driver CPC – 6th Edition 2013, which covers all learning material for Bus and Truck Theory Tests and Driver CPC Case Study Test.

There are two study CD-Rom s:

The Official Driver Theory Test Questions and Answers, Motorcycles, Cars and Work Vehicles – 6th Edition, October 2013, which covers all learning material for Car/Work Vehicles and Motorcycles and;

The supporting learning materials are currently widely available from all good bookshops across the country or to purchase online at www.theorytest.ie The CD provides Practice Tests which simulate the real exam experience and allows candidates to gauge their learning progress.

Car/Work Vehicle and Motorcycles

The format of the test, based on multiple choice questions, has remained unchanged for Car/Work Vehicle and Motorcycles. Candidates are required to answer correctly 35 out of 40 questions in order to obtain a pass certificate

Truck Bus Theory Test

From 30th September 2014 the Driver Theory Test for the Truck and Bus categories are changing. There will be a new exam in Category C Truck and Category D Bus. The existing Theory Tests for Truck and Bus have been amalgamated with the Driver CPC Multiple Choice Driver CPC state 1 exam and will now consist of 100 questions.

All candidates taking a test on or after 30 September 2014 will be required to sit the updated Bus Theory Test or the Truck Theory Test. A further option to sit both the Truck and Bus Theory test at the same time is also available. It consists of 140 questions. Where a candidate passes the new Truck or Bus theory test i.e. test on or after 30 September 2014 there is an option to sit a module test to obtain the other category Truck or Bus as appropriate provided this is done within 2 years of the first test.

The format of the Bus and Truck Theory Tests, currently based on multiple choice questions, will not change. Candidates will be required to correctly answer 74 out of 100 questions in order to obtain a pass certificate for either the Bus or Truck theory tests. To pass the new combined Bus and Truck theory test, candidates will be required to correctly answer 104 out of 140 questions to obtain a combined pass certificate. To pass the new Bus or Truck Module theory test candidates will be required to answer 30 out of 40 questions correctly.

Candidates at the end of their exam will, regardless of passing or failing, receive feedback based on their performance. They will also receive a list of categories recommended for further study e.g. Road Signs, Markings and Traffic Regulations, Alert Driving and Consideration for Road Users etc. These correspond to the categories listed in the training material. This specific feedback will facilitate revision and help improve overall driving competence.

The Road Safety Authority has made these changes to the Driver Theory Test and its associated learning materials to streamline the process and ensure that learner drivers are better prepared to embark on their on-road training, and to improve road safety for all road users. This is part of a continuous improvement and up-dates regarding the driver theory tests.

Test Review

A comprehensive review of the Driver Theory Test Study material Book and CD-Rom took place in 2011 with a view to improving the content and its effectiveness as a learning tool. Most of the 1500 questions in the Driver Theory Test 4th Edition were updated revised or replaced. The revisions included new questions and graphics as well as amended versions of existing questions.

Candidates at the end of their exam will regardless of passing or failing also be provided, based on their performance, with a list of the categories recommended for further study e.g. Road Signs, Markings and Traffic Regulations, Alert Driving and Consideration for Road Users etc. All of these correspond to the categories listed in the training Material in order to facilitate revision or help improve overall skills.

The complete list of updated questions is published in the Official Driver Theory Test Book and CD-Rom. These are available to purchase online at www.theorytest.ie and in book shops nationwide. The CD provides Practice Tests which simulate the real exam experience and allow candidates to gauge their learning progress.

Test categories

Categories of theory test see table below. Each test cateogry corresponds to a driver-licence or learner-permit category. If you take a test listed in the first column, you are covered for all the licences or learner permits in the corresponding column.

Theory test certificate

Driver licence or learner-permit category

B and W

Covers cars, land tractors and work vehicles B, BE and W

Covers motorcycles and mopeds A, A2, A1 and AM

Covers vans and trucks over 3,500kg C1, C, CE and C1E Stage 1 of CPC

Minibuses and buses D, D1, DE and D1E Stage 1 of CPC

Truck and Bus, C, C1, CE, C1E, D, D1, DE and D1E

TMT

Truck module – only eligible if C test passed in previous 2 years

BMT

Bus module – only eligible if C test passed in previous 2 years

If you are applying for your first learner permit you must:

Include a theory test certificate for the relevant category along with your learner-permit application, unless the certificate has already been submitted

Present the certificate within two years of the date of issue date of passing the test

Note: you will be regarded as an applicant for a first learner permit in respect of a particular vehicle category if you have not held such a licence in the preceding five years.

Cost

A driver theory test for motorcycles and mopeds category A, cars, work vehicles and land tractors category BW, costs 45.00. The fee for heavy goods vehicles category C and buses category D is 72.00. The combined Truck and Bus test costs 84.00.

Booking a test

The theory test is managed on behalf of the RSA by a test partner, which operates a number of lo-call helplines to answer queries about the test and take test bookings:

Tests can be booked on-line at www.theorytest.ie

The postal address of the testing service is:

Driver Theory Test

PO Box 15

Dundalk

Co. Louth

Application forms are available from the testing service and from all NDLS Offices.

Tests are held in 41 theory test centres around the country.

The test is offered in both Irish and English and candidates with special requirements can be accommodated. A Polish, Russian and Lithuanian voiceover is available for the category B car.

Translator supported tests are available by special arrangement at the Dublin, Galway, Cork, Waterford and Sligo test centres. These tests are for candidates who do not speak and cannot understand Irish or English, even if provided over headphones. Evidence to support this requirement will be required.

Any member of the public with any further queries regarding the theory test bank and revised material can contact the Driver Theory Test Service on 1890 606 106, or log on to www.theorytest.ie.

This official site provides information on how to book and prepare for a Theory Test. The Driver Theory Test service is committed to providing the highest standards.
Barrow Street is the Driver Theory location for most Dublin applicants, apply today. 1890 606106.
Book Driving Test is not affiliated or associated with the Road Safety Authority; A driving test can be obtained at a lower cost but this does not include our services.

The theory test. What you need to know about this key knowledge test for learner drivers. There are also theory tests for RSA approved driving instructors and.

Once you have carefully read through the steps required to schedule your Driver Theory Test, you may proceed to complete your booking in real time and receive.

2016-01-10

Neutron Activation Gulf Atomic Group Gunshot Residue

Studies of gunshot residue on ResearchGate, neutron activation analysis and compared with the composition of deposits obtained by primer firings alone.

J Forensic Sci, Oct. 1974, Vol. 19, No. 4

S. S. Krishnan,1 Ph.D. S. S. Krishnan, 1 P h. D.

Detection of Gunshot Residue on the Hands by Detection Gunshot Residue on the Hands by Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption

Analysis Analysis

Neutron activation analysis NAA for antimony and barium has been described as the Neutron analysis NAA for antimony and barium has been described as the most effective technique for the detection of gunshot residues on the hands of a suspect effective technique for the detection of gunshot residues on the hands of a suspect 1,2. The method, however, is not used routinely for aa number of reasons. Among the 1,2. The method, however, is not used routinely for number of reasons. Among the reasons are the complex nature of the statistical treatment of the data and the difficulty reasons are the complex nature of the statistical treatment of the data and difficulty experienced by individual laboratories of collecting the voluminous background data experienced by individual laboratories of collecting the voluminous background data required for these calculations. One of the important aspects of the technique is that the these calculations. One of the important aspects of the technique is that the

sample has to be collected with extreme care so that the contamination is minimal. sample has to be collected with extreme care so that the contamination is minimal.

Because the amount-s of the elements analyzed are at microgram levels, specially designed designed Because the amounts microgram levels,

proceduresand training are required to be able to collect the samples without procedures and training are required to be able to collect the samples without

contamination. The existing techniques, such as paraffin lift and cotton swabbing, are contamination. The existing techniques, such as paraffin lift and cotton swabbing, are found be unsatisfactory in this respect. By taking repeated samples from hands by found to be unsatisfactory in this respect. By taking repeated samples from hands by these procedures, it was found that three or four collections are required for complete these procedures, it was found that three four collections are required for complete removal of the trace elements. Thus, a single collection by these methods is not removal of the trace elements. Thus, a single collectionby these methods is not therefore, any subsequent quantitative, and therefore, any subsequent calculation would be in error. would be in error. Neutron activation analysis is not effective in detecting lead, which is one of Neutron activation analysis is not effective in detecting lead, which is one of the constituents of leakage residues. Hence, method such as atomic absorption important constituents of leakage residues. Hence, aa method such as atomic absorption spectrometry AAS must be used in addition to NAA for this analysis. Preliminary spectrometry AAS must be used in addition NAA for this analysis. Preliminary experiments had shown that AAS is not a suitable technique for antimony and barium experiments had shown that AAS is not suitable technique for antimony and barium analysis in this application. With flame atomization, the amounts actually encountered analysis in this application. With flame atomization, the amounts actually encountered in some samples are below the detection limits. When aa heated graphite atomizer is some samples are below the detection limits. When heated graphite atomizer is used, the detection limits are adequate but the precision is poor. Further research efforts detection the precision poor. research efforts therefore, necessary before AAS can be used routinely for all three elements. Thus, are, therefore, necessary before AAS can be used routinely for all three elements. Thus, the results reported by Green and Sauve 3 and Renshaw et al 4 could not the results reported by Green and Sauve 3 and Renshaw et al 4 could not be or confirmed attempts using limited given. reproduced or confirmed by our attempts using the limited details given.

Experimental

Neutron Activation Analysis Neutron Activation Analysis

The irradiation is done in a nuclear reactor yielding a thermal neutron flux of approxiapproxiThe is done in a nuclear reactor yielding thermal neutron mately 1O neutrons s-a cm -z. The radioactivity is measured with 3 by 3-in. 76.2 by mately 1013neutrons s1 cm2. The radioactivity is measured with aa 3 by 3-in. 76.2 by

76.2-mm sodium iodide scintillation detector connected to 400 analyzer. 76.2-mm sodium iodide scintillation detector connected to aa 400 channel analyzer.

Received for publication 15 Nov. 1973; revised manuscript received 7 Feb. 1974; accepted for Received for 15 Nov. 1973; revised manuscript received 7 Feb. 1974; accepted for publication 11 Feb. 1974. publication 11 Feb. 1974. JChemistry Section, The Centre of Forensic Sciences, Toronto, Chemistry Section, The Centre of Forensic Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

789

790 790

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry

The measurementsare made using a Perkin-Elmer 303 instrument with a The measurements are made using Perkin-Elmer 303 instrument with

Perkin-ElmerHollow Cathode lamp and aa three-slot Boling burner. The lead is Perkin-Elmer Hollow Cathode lamp and three-slot Boling burner. The lead

procedure 5. determined by a standard procedure 5.

Reagents and Chemicals Chemicals

The reagents and chemicals used were of Analar grade. Double-distilled and The reagents and chemicals used were Analar grade. Double-distilled and

deionized water was used. water was used.

Collection Sample Collection

The method of sample collection in this work is based on washing the hand with M The method of sample collection in this work is based on washing the hand with 11M nitric acid. The kit supplied for this purpose consists of a plastic bottle containing 50 nitric acid. kit supplied for this purpose consists of plastic containing 50 ml of 1 M nitric acid and an acid-cleaned plastic bag. The acid from the bottle is ml 1 M nitric acid and an acid-cleaned plastic bag. The acid from the bottle carefully poured into the bag without touching its inside. The suspect s hand is inserted carefully poured into the bag without touching its inside. The suspect s hand is inserted into the bag, shaken for 10 to 15 seconds to wet all parts of the hand, and removed. The the bag, shaken for 10 to 15 seconds to wet all parts of the hand, and removed. The acid is poured back into the bottle and sent to the laboratory for analysis. It is found acid poured back bottle and sent to the laboratory for analysis. It found that aa single wash as described above completely removes the entire residue from the single wash as described above completely removes the entire residue from hand. Further, because the procedure takes only a few seconds and during that time only Further, because the procedure takes only few seconds and during that time only the outsides of the bags are handled, the problem of contamination is minimal. The outsides bags are handled, the problem of contamination is minimal. The liquid is concentrated by freeze-drying,since it was observed that antimony is retained concentrated freeze-drying, since it was observed that antimony is retained by the container walls if heated. If freeze-dryingequipment is not available, it may be container walls heated. freeze-drying equipment is not available, it may be possible to extract the metals in an organic medium which can then be evaporated at possible to extract the metals in an organic medium which can then be evaporated at room temperature. The analysis was done by the procedure shown in Fig. 1. The analysis was done by the procedure shown in Fig. 1.

Results and Discussion Diseusslon

Amounts of Trace Elements Deposited Elements Deposited

In order to decide whether or not a person has fired a gun, six factors are considered. order decide whether or not a person has fired gun, six factors are considered. These are the absolute amounts of lead, antimony, and barium and the ratios of each of These are the absolute amounts of lead, antimony, and barium and the ratios of each of these amounts on one hand compared with the other. The data obtained are summarized compared with the other. The data summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Tables The amounts of lead, antimony, and barium, as well as the ratios, were found to be amounts of lead, antimony, and barium, as well as the ratios, were found to be higher on hands that have fired a gun than on normal hands. There is, however, quite aa on hands that have fired a gun than on normal hands. There is, however, quite spread in the values with some overlap between the normal blank values and those spread the values with some overlap between the normal blank values and those obtained after firing. Thus, it seems that the concept of establishing deposit on the obtained after firing. Thus, it seems that the concept of establishing aa deposit on the after a firing is meaningful, although 100 percent success cannot be expected on hand after a firing is meaningful, although 100 percent success cannot be expected on account of this overlap of data. Treatment of Data Having obtained analytical data for hand washes of normal hands and those that have Having obtained analytical data for hand washes of normal hands and those that have

fired weapon, it is necessary to develop some criteria for establishing with some fired a weapon, it is necessary to develop some criteria for establishing with some

certainty whether or not a gun has been fired. All the variables involved in the study are whether or not a has fired. the variables involved in the study are completely known, and the few known are of random nature. Thus, the treatment not completelyknown, and the few known are of aarandom nature. Thus, the treatment has to be of a statistical nature. Schlesinger et al 2 have reported procedure of data has to be of a statistical nature. Schlesinger et al 2 have reported aa procedure based bivariate statistical model. However, their procedure is difficult to based on the bivariate normal statistical model. However,their procedure is difficult to apply directly to this or other worker s data for several reasons. First of all, it would be apply directly to this or other worker s data for several reasons. First of all, it would be

necessary to collect voluminous amount of background data, particularly on necessaryto collect a voluminous amount of background data, particularly on occupational levels. Further, their method utilizes antimony and barium values only and occupational levels. Further, their method utilizes antimony and barium values only and

KRISHNAN ON GUNSHOT RESIDUE DETECTION KRISHNAN ON GUNSHOT RESIDUE DETECTION

791 791

Collect the liquid sample into a Collect the liquid sample into a tumbler shaped pyrex beaker tumbler shaped pyrex beaker

Freeze dry the sample Freeze the sample

Take the sample into 2 of IM nitric acid Take the sample into 2 ml of 1M nitric acid

.4,

Take 0.5 nil and estimate 0.5 ml and estimate

lead using atomic absorplead using atomic absorption spectrophotometry tion spectrophotometry

Freeze dry the 1.5 nil and dry the 1.5 ml take in 1 or 2 drops 1M take I or drops IM nitric acid. Transfer it nitric acid. Transfer it along with washings into a along with washings into a spectrographic graphite cup spectrographic graphite cup or similar container. Air or similar container. Air or fre zze dry. or f r e e e d r y.

Irradiate the cup in therIrradiate cup in thermal neutron flux in a reactor mal neutron flux reactor for approximately 12 hours for approximately 12 hours at flux of aporoximately flux approximately 101Jn cm-2 sec-1. 10in cm2 sec1.

Wash the sample and make up Wash the sample up to 10 ml to 10

Take one 5 ml portion Take 5 and a d i o c h c a l l y and rradiochcal1y separate separate Ba as Ba SO 4. Estimate Ba S0. Estimate barium content by barium content comparison with stancomparison with standard. dard.

tportion

__ 1 L

Let the other 5 ml the other 5 ml portion stand until portion stand all the radioall the radioactivities except activities except Sb122 has decayed Sb122 has decayed to a large extent, to large extent. Count the Sb122 and Count the Sb 1LL and estimate the antimony estimate the antimony content comparison content by comparison with standards. standards.

FIG. 1--Analytical procedure. 1--Analytical procedure.

no account is taken of the amounts of lead or the ratios of concentration on one hand to no account is taken of the amounts of lead or the ratios of concentration on one hand to concentration on the other. It is difficult to simplify sufficiently their statistical procedure concentration on other. It is difficult simplify sufficiently their statistical procedure for use in actual criminal case investigationand to be able to point out the relevance and use actual criminal case investigation and to be able to point out the relevance and peculiarity, if any, of the sample in particular criminal case. Thus, the high ratios of peculiarity, if any, of the sample in aa particular criminal case. Thus, the high ratios of

amounts on one hand to amounts on the other are perhaps more valuable evidence at amounts on one hand to amounts on the other are perhaps more valuable evidence at

face value in a criminalcase than to be able to state in a general manner that the face value in a criminal case than to be able to state in a general manner that the

absolute levels found are statistically significant. The statistical calculations are difficult absolute levels found are statistically significant. The statistical calculations are difficult for a jury to understand. jury to understand. In this work, an alternative method of treatment of data has been developed with the this work, an alternative method of treatment data has been developed with the above difficulties in mind. The three absolute concentration values and the three ratios above difficulties in mind. The three absolute concentration values and the three ratios

792 792

JOURNAL LOF FORENSIC SCIENCES J O U R N A OF FORENSIC SCIENCES

TABLE 1--Range of amounts of trace elements found on normal hands. 1--Range amounts elements on normal hands.

Range of Amounts of Amounts Amount on Amount on Right Hand/ Right Hand/ Amount on Either Hand, Either Hand, Left Hand g pg

Frequent Value Most Frequent Value Amount on on Amount on Amount Right Right Hand/ Amount on Either Hand, Left Hand g pg 10 5 to 10 0.02

Element

Lead

Subjects a Subjectsa

30 23 12

Antimony Barium

5 to 95 to 95 0.003 to 0.94 0.003 0.07 to 0.27

0.8/2.2 0.6/2.8 0.8/1.5 0.8/1.5

0.2

1.0/1.4 1.0/1.4 0.6/1.0 0.6/1.0 0.8/1.0 0.8/1.0

U Occupation: forensic science laboratory workers. a Occupation: laboratory workers.

2--Range elements after shooting on hands not cleaned TABLE 2--Range of amounts of trace elements found after shooting on hands not cleaned amounts prior to shooting: weapon--. 38 revolver, ammunition--Dominion. prior to shooting: weapon--. 38 revolver, ammunition--Dominion.

Range of Amounts Range

Firing Hand, g pg Nonfiring Hand, Hand, /ag pg

MoSt Frequent Value Most

Hand. Hand/

Nonfiring Hand

Firing

Shots Fired a Fired a

Firing Hand, /ag pg

Nonfiring Nonfiring Hand, / g pg

Firing Hand. Hand/ Nonfiring Nonfiring Hand

30 30

19 20

13--326 10-110 13-326 0.35-5.9 0.05-0.5 0.35-5.9 0.19-1.4 0.05-0.45 0.19-1.4 0.05-0.45

1.0/12.4 1.0/12.4 1.0/7.0

0.4/5.5 0.4/5.5

35-85 0.1-0.3 0.25-0.3

10-40

0.2 0.2

0.05-0.15

1.5/2.0 1.5/3.5 1.5/2.5

Occupation of subjects: forensic science laboratory workers. a Occupation of subjects: forensic science laboratory workers.

all important, but not necessarily of equal value. By reference to the frequency distriare all important, but not necessarily of equal value. By reference to the frequency distri-

bution curve and particularly to the most probable values, statistical weights were bution curve and particularly to the most probable values, statistical weights were

attached to the different absolute amounts and the ratios. These were added to obtain aa attached to the different absolute amounts and the ratios. These were added to obtain combined weight called the point count total for particular analysis. Approximately a combined weight called the point count total for a particular analysis. Approximately a dozen combinations of these weights were tried, and the set of weights which gave the dezen combinations of these weights were tried, and the set of weights which gave the best dfft rentiation of the point count index between a anormal pair of hands and one best differentiation of the point count index between normal pair of hands and one involved in shooting is given in Table 3. A representative sample of the point count for involved in shooting is given in Table 3. A representative sample of the point count for normal hands and for those involvedin aa single firing isisgiven ininTables 4 4and 5. It is Tables and 5. It normal hands and for those involved in single firing given seen that a total point count higher than 5 indicates the presence of gunshot residue. By seen that a total point count higher 5 indicates the presence of gunshot residue. By

this method, a maximum success rate of 85 to 90 percent has been realized. In the this method, m a x i m u m success rate of 85 to 90 percent has been realized. In the

remaining cases, no differentiation can be made. There are probably many reasons for remaining cases, no differentiation can be made. There probably many reasons this, and among them are high occupational background values or aa lack of leakage this, and among them are high occupational background values or lack of leakage residues on a particular firing. residues on a particular firing. In calculating the point count, no assumption is made as to which is the firing hand. calculating the point count, no assumption is made as to which is the firing hand. It can be seen that if the wrong assumption is made, the point count is low, indicating can be seen that if the wrong assumption is made, the point count is low, indicating that the assumption is invalid or insignificant. The results are valid when either the right the assumption is invalid or insignificant. The results are valid when either the right or the left hand is used for firing. the hand used for firing.

Versus Handling A Gun Firing Versus Handing A Gun

has been reported 6 that firing a gun leaves residues on the back of the hand, It has been reported 6 that firing a gun leaves residues on the back of the hand, while merely handling aa recently fired weapon leaves the residue on the palm. The while merely handling recently fired weapon leaves the residue on the palm. The

KRISHNAN ON GUNSHOT RESIDUE DETECTION KRISHNAN ON GUNSHOT RESIDUE DETEOTION

793

TABLE 3--Pointsgiven for various levels of trace element contents on the hand: hand: TABLE 3--Points given for various levels of trace element contents on the weapon--.38 revolver, ammunition--Dominion. weapon--. 38 revolver, ammunition--Dominion.

Element Element

Lead Lead

Amount, /ag

Amount on Firing H a n d / on Firing Hand. Amount on Other Hand Amount Hand

Points

2 1 1 0 4 3 0 2 1 1 0 4 3 3 0 2 1 1 0 4 3 0

85 /85 35 /35

35 35

2 1.5

3.5 1.5

/3.5 /1.5 1.5 1.5

t2 /1.5 1.5 1.5

Antimony

0.3 /0.3

0.1 /0.1

0.1 0.1

Barium

0.3 / 0.3

0.25 / 0.25

0.25 0.25

2.5 /2.5 1.5 /1.5

1.5 1.5

TABLE 4--Point count for normal hand blanks. for normal hand blanks. T A B L E 4----Point

Lead Lead Amount Ratioa Amount Ratio a

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

Subject

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Antimony Amount Amount Ratio a Ratioa

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 1

Barium Barium Ratio a Amount Ratioa

Total

0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 1 1 5 3

a Amount on firing h a n d / a m o u n t on the other hand. A m o u n t on firing hand/amount other

794 794

TABLE 5--Point count ffor shots fired without prior cleaning one shot fired with a. 38 revolver S--Point count o r shots without prior one shot with a. 38 revolver and Dominion ammunition. Dominion ammunition.

1 1

Lead Lead Amount Ration Ratio a

Amount

1 1 1 1

Antimony Ratio a Ratioa

Barium Ratio 5 Amount Ratio a

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 4 0 0 4 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0

12 7 8 2 14 12 16 16 12 13 13 3 3 6 10 15 8 9 13 11 11 7 3

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20

2 2

2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 4 3 0 4 3 4 4 4 0 3 3 4 3 0 4 4 4 4 0

1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 4 3 4 3 3 0 0 0

0 3 0

3 3 3 0 0

a Amount on firing hand/amount on the other hand. Amount on firing hand/amount other hand.

experiments conducted in this work indicated that, while this may be generally true, the experiments conducted in this work indicated that, while this may be generally true, the

results are not consistent in all cases. The technique used in this work collects the results are not consistent in all cases. The technique used in this work collects the

samples from all areas of the hands together and, hence, it cannot determine the relative samples from all areas of the h a n d s together and, hence, it c a n n o t d e t e r m i n e the relative amounts on the palms and backs of the hands. However, aan interesting result is tthat in a m o u n t s on the palms a n d backs of h a n d s. However, n interesting result is h a t in the case of an actual firing, the point count on the firing h a n d is greater tthan 5, while the case of a n actual firing, the point count on the firing hand is greater h a n 5, while for the other hand it is usually below 5. If the gun has merely been hhandled in a random other h a n d it is usually below 5. If the gun has merely been a n d l e d in a r a n d o m manner, but not fired, the residues are usually left on bboth hands. In these instances, the m a n n e r, b u t not fired, residues are usually left on o t h hands. In these instances, the point count for both hands is above 5. count b o t h h a n d s is above 5.

Other Guns Guns

Preliminary experiments have been done to study the amount of residues deposited Preliminary experiments have been done to study the a m o u n t of residues deposited from guns other than. 38 caliber revolvers. These include. 22 caliber revolvers, pistols, from guns other t h a n. 38 caliber revolvers. These include. 22 caliber revolvers, pistols, and shotguns. Compared to the amounts of residue from. 38 caliber revolvers, the. 22 and shotguns. C o m p a r e d to the a m o u n t s residue from. 38 caliber revolvers, the. 22 caliber revolver, the. 22 caliber ssemiautomatic rifle, a n d the. 22 caliber Cooey single-shot caliber revolver, the. 22 caliber e m i a u t o m a t i c rifle, and the. 22 caliber Cooey single-shot rifle deposit less residues. The. 45 caliber semiautomatic pistol yields considerably more rifle deposit less residues. T h e. 45 caliber semiautomatic pistol yields considerably more residues, while the. 22 caliber semiautomatic pistol deposits o m p a r a b l e m o u n t s. The residues, while the. 22 caliber s e m i a u t o m a t i c pistol deposits ccomparableaamounts. T h e. 308 caliber semiautomatic rifle yields ccomparableamounts. FFurtherwork aandmore ddata. 308 caliber semiautomatic rifle yields o m p a r a b l e amounts. u r t h e r work n d more a t a are necessary to establish the method for use with other weapons. necessary to establish the m e t h o d for use with other weapons.

Trace Elements fTom Other Sources Trace Elements from Other Sources

Firearm discharge residues are present at a shooting scene a n d on the fired weapon F i r e a r m discharge residues are present at a shooting scene and on the fired weapon and spent cartridges. They are easily transferred by contact and, therefore, it is possible and spent cartridges. They are easily transferred by contact and, therefore, it is possible that touching the hands of a person who has recently fired a weapon, handling a fired that touching h a n d s of a person who has recently fired weapon, h a n d l i n g a fired

795

weapon, removing a fired cartridge, and similar acts could leave residues on a person s weapon, removing a fired cartridge, and similar acts could leave residues on a person s although himself has not fired a weapon. However, is found that these acts hand, although he himself has not fired a weapon. However, ititis found that these acts usually contaminate both hands, thereby giving point counts of greater than for each usually contaminate both hands, thereby giv.ng point counts of greater than 55for each hand.

Between Shooting Sample Effect of Time Lapsed Between Shooting and Sample Collection

The time which the residues remain on the hands after the shooting The length of time during which the residues remain on the hands after the shooting is an important factor. This obviously depends on what is done to the hands during the important factor. This obviously depends on what is done to the hands during the interval. If the residue is easily and quickly removed in normal hand usage, the value of the residue is easily and quickly removed in normal hand usage, the value the technique for application to cases in which the subject is examined some hours after to cases in which the subject is examined some hours after the technique the incident is limited. If the residue is relatively difficult to remove in the course of incident limited. the residue is relatively difficult to remove in the course of normal hand activity for several days, a different problem exists. A suspect could claim activity several days, exists. could claim the residue found his hand is result of firing several days previous to the that the residue found on his hand is aa result of firing several days previous to the

incident. The results of experiments to study this possibility show that the residue can The experiments to possibility show that the residue to 17 during normal activity, but can be quickly removed by vigorous remain for up to 17 hhduring normal activity, but can be quickly removed by vigorous scrubbing with soap and water. This is an encouraging and useful result. soap This an encouraging useful

Blind Tests

An attempt was made to test the criteria and hypothesis developed above in simulated test the criteria and hypothesis developed above in simulated situations similar to those encountered in actual criminal cases. Test shots were fired by to those criminal cases. were fired some members of a group and by others. samples were taken immediately after some members of a group and not by others. The samples were taken immediately after the firing in order to simulate suicide situations. In other similar tests, the samples were firing suicide situations. In other similar tests, the samples were

taken two hours later to simulate holdup situations. The actual identities of the taken two hours later to simulate holdup situations. The actual identities of the

individuals who had fired the guns were not known to the analyst and their identities individuals who had fired the guns were not known to the analyst and their identities were revealed only after the final reports were made. The results are given in Tables 6 were revealed only after the final reports were made. The results are given in Tables 6 7. These the concept method developed for deducing that and 7. These results indicate that the concept of the method developed for deducing that an individual has recently fired a gun is meaningful. Correct deductions were arrived at individual recently fired gun is meaningful. Correct deductions were arrived at in seven out of ten firings. No false positives were obtained; that is, in no case was a seven out firings. No false positives were obtained; that is, in no case was a occurred. firing indicated by the analysis when it had not, in fact, occurred. when it had order to test the method completely, gunshot residue collection kits were given to In order to test the method completely, gunshot residue collection kits were given to police officers. They conducted blind tests similar to the above series using mainly police officers. They conducted blind tests similar to the above series using mainly laboratory workers, collected the samples themselves, and sent them to the laboratory for workers, collected the samples themselves, and sent them to the laboratory for analysis. The results of the analysis are given in Table 8. The results were excellent analysis. The results of the analysis are given in Table 8. The results were excellent

TABLE 6--Results of blind tests to simulate suicide situations: weapon--.38 revolver, TABLE 6--Results o f tests to simulate suicide situations: weapon--.38 revolver, ammunition--Dominion. taken immediately after shooting. ammunition--Dominion. Samples taken immediately after shooting.

Point Count

Subject a Right Hand Left Hand Subject Left

Report Turned In

no evidence of gunshot evidence gunshot residue residue evidence of residue evidence residue no evidence of residue evidence residue no evidence of residue evidence residue evidence of residue on right evidence hand

Actual incident incident

5 5

8 3 3 4

5 S

7 7

fired one shot with right hand shot with right hand fired with both hands with hands fired one shot with right hand one right hand did not fire not fire fired one shot with right hand one shot with right hand

3 3 4 5

3 3

a Laboratory workers. Laboratory workers.

796

TABLE 7--Results of blind tests to simulate holdup situations: weapon--. 38 revolver, TABLE 7--Results blind tests to simulate holdup situations: weapon--.38 revolver, ammunition--Dominion. Samples taken 2 h after the shooting. ammunition--Dominion. Samples taken h after the shooting.

Subject a Subject

Point Count Right Hand Left Hand Right Hand Left Hand

Report Turned In Report Turned

no evidence of gunshot residue evidence of residue on right evidence of residue on hand no evidence of residue no evidence of residue evidence of residue on right evidence of residue on hand

Actual Incident Actual fired one shot with right hand fired one shot with right hand

2 2 3 4 5

6 6 3 3 3 3 6 6

4 4

did not fire not did not fire fired one shot with right hand

a Laboratory workers. TABLE 8--Blind tests conducted by police officers: weapon--. 38 revolver, ammunition: Dominion. TABLE 8--Blind conducted by police officers: weapon--.38 revolver, ammunition: Dominion. Samples immediately after shooting. Samples taken immediately after shooting.

Point Co unt Count Subject a Right Hand L eft Hand Right Hand Left Hand Subjecta

Report Turned In Report Turned In

evidence of residue on right hand no evidence of residue no evidence evidence of residue on right residue hand slight evidence of residue on evidence

hand right hand

Actual Incident Actual fired one shot with right hand one with right

13 0 10 5 10

0 0 5 S

1 l

2 3 4

did not fire or handle gun handle

fired one shot by right hand fired one shot by right hand

removed and removed spent cartridge

fired using both hands using both fired one shot with right hand fired one

5 6 7 7

2 11 12

3 6

13 10 11

evidence of residue on right evidence of residue hand evidence of residue on left on left hand evidence of residue on both evidence of residue hands evidence of residue on right evidence of residue on hand evidence of residue on right evidence of residue on hand evidence of residue on right evidence of residue on

fired with right hand and refired with right hand and removed moved cartridges handled and removed cartridges handled and removed cartridges

from fired weapon, did not from fired weapon, did not

fire fired one shot with right hand with

0 0 0

did not fire or handle gun not fire handle gun

fired one shot with right hand with

hand hand

Laboratory workers Subjects 3 and 9, who are police officers. a Laboratory workers except for Subjects 3 and 9, who are police officers.

except for Subject 9. T h e results for Subject 9 a p p e a r to be a false positive, tthe only such e x c e p t for Subject 9. The results for Subject 9 appear to b e false positive, h e only such

one in all t h e tests c o n d u c t e d. Discussions have revealed a t the u b j e c t is a police one in all the tests conducted. Discussionshave revealed t hthatt h e ssubject is a police officer and regularly carries gun. Therefore, it p p e a r s h a t h e method may not always officer a n d regularly carries aa gun. T h e r e f o r e, it aappearstthat tthe m e t h o d m a y n o t always be applicable to people such as police officers w h o m a y ffrequentlyhhandle or fire g u n s. be a p p l i c a b l e p e o p l e s u c h as police officers who may r e q u e n t l y a n d l e or fire guns. When tthe ttechnique gives aappointccountggreatert h a n S5 for one hhand a n d lower tthan 5 W h e n h e e c h n i q u e gives o i n t o u n t r e a t e r than for one a n d and lower h a n 5

KRISHNAN ON GUNSHOT RESIDUE DETECTION ON GUNSHOT RESIDUE DETECTION

797

for the other, then it it is clearly indicative that the subjectfired afired aIn instances the other, then is clearly indicative that the subject has has gun. gun. In instances where the counts both hands are greater than 5, other possibilities such as where the point counts for both hands are greater than 5, other possibilities such as contamination, firing with both hands, partial washing of the hands, and several others contamination, firing with both hands, partial washing of the hands, and several others

exist and these must be carefully considered. must be carefully considered.

It has been reported that the trace elements discussed in this work arise from the has been reported that the trace elements discussed in this work arise from the primer composition. Although this may well be true, no conclusive experimental primer composition. Although this may well be true, no conclusive experimental evidenceexists that these elements originate inin theirentirety from the primer. In our evidence exists that these elements originate their entirety from the primer. In our

opinion, it is possible that certain amounts of the trace elements arise from other parts it possible that certain amounts of the trace elements arise from other of the ammunition as well. The presence of leakage residues is decided by several the ammunition well. The presence of leakage residues is decided by several factors, among these the ammunition composition and the type of gun. Thus, when factors, among these the ammunition composition and the type of gun. Thus, when encountered with a case involving, for example, a. 22 caliber revolver with ammunition with case involving, for example. 22 caliber revolver with having no antimony or barium in the primer, it would still be necessary to perform having no antimony or barium in the primer, it would still be necessary perform test firings in order to decide that leakage residues would not be emanated from the gun firings to decide leakage residues would not be emanated from the gun and ammunition. ammunition.

Summary

A practical and effective method of detecting firearm discharge residues on hands is effective method of detecting firearm discharge residues on hands is reported. This involves the quantitative determination of lead by atomic absorption specinvolves the quantitative determination of lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and antimony and barium by neutron activation analysis. A procedure is and trophotometry and activation analysis. A procedure is developed in which a criterion is established for distinguishing between hands that have developed inwhich criterion is established distinguishing between hands that have

fired a weapon and those that may not have fired one. This is based on the absolute fired weapon and those that may not have fired one. This is based on the absolute

amounts of the trace elements and the ratios of these on one hand to the other. amounts of the trace elements and the ratios of these on one hand to the other. Collectionof voluminous background data isisnot required. The method has been Collection of voluminous background data not required. The method has been

successfullytested in twenty simulated case situations and is ready to be presented. in successfully tested in twenty simulated case situations and is ready to be presented.in court.

Acknowledgments Acknowledgments

The author wishes to acknowledge the excellent cooperation and help of the director, wishes to acknowledge the excellent cooperation and help of the D. M. Lucas, Mr. E. G. Clair, Mr. R. C. Nichol, and the members of the Firearms and Lucas, Mr. Clair, R. C. Nichol, and the members of the Firearms and

Chemistry Sections of the Centre of Forensic Sciences. Forensic

References References

1 Krishnan, S. S., Rapid Detection of Firearm Discharge Residues by Atomic Absorption /1 Krishnan, S. S., Rapid Detection of Firearm Discharge Residues by Atomic Absorption and Activation Analysis, Journal 1971, pp. 144Neutron Activation Analysis, Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol. 16, 1971, pp. 144Sciences, JFSCA, 151. 2 Schlesinger, L., Lukens, H. R., Guinn, V. P., Hackleman, P., and Korts, R. F., 2 Schlesinger, H.H. L., Lukens, H. R., Guinn, V. P.,Hackleman, R.R. P.,and Korts, R. F., Report on Gunshot Residues Measured by Neutron Activation Analysis, Gulf General Special Report on Gunshot Residues Measured by Neutron Activation Analysis, Gulf General Atomic Inc. Report No. GA-9829, 1970. Report No. GA-9829, 1970. 3 Green, A. L. and Sauve, J. P., The Analysis of Gunshot Residue by Atomic Absorption 3 Green, A. and Sauve, J. P., The Analysis of Gunshot Residue by Atomic Absorption Atomic 93-95. Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 11, 1972, pp. 93-95. Renshaw, G. D., Pounds, C. A., and Pearson, E. F., The Quantitative Estimation of Lead, 4 Renshaw, G. D., Pounds, C. A., and Pearson, E. F., The Quantitative Estimation of Lead, Antimony and Barium in Gunshot Residues by Non-Flame Atomic Absorption SpectrophotoBarium in Gunshot Residues by Non-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, 1973, pp. 55-56. metry, Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, 1973, pp. 55-56. and Krishnan, S. S., Analysis Lead Shot--A Comparison of Analysis Using 5 Gillespie, K. A. and Krishnan, S. S., Analysis of of Lead Shot--A Comparison of Analysis Using Spectrophotometry Neutron Activation Analysis, Canadian Society of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and Neutron Activation Analysis, Canadian Society of Forensic Forensic Science Journal, Vol. 2, 1969, pp. 95-103. Journal, Vol. 2, 1969, pp. 95-103. Guinn, V. P., private communication, 1972. 6 Guinn, V. P., private communication, 1972.

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Firearms, Projectiles, and Tool Mark Evidence. A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with an Emphases in Forensic Geotaphonomic and Forensic.

Application of lead isotope analysis in shooting incident investigations Forensic neutron activation analysis of On the mechanism of gunshot residue particle.

Detection of gunshot residue by use of the scanning electron microscope. R S Nesbitt such as atomic absorption or ICP and is currently the most reliable method.

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